ENISA, the European Network and Information Security Agency, has issued a report, “Study on the costs of DNSSEC Deployment”: The purpose of the report is to study the costs of DNSSEC deployment, assess the required changes of roles required by DNSSEC deployment, and analyze the investments that deployment of DNSSEC would require. The study concludes, among its many findings, that the cost of deployment will be lowest among pure registrars and higher for registries and zone operators.